Eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger

 

Share of poorest quintile in national consumption or income
%

Prevalence of child malnutrition Underweight
% of children
under age 5    
1992- 2004b,c

1989- 1994b

2000- 2004b

Achieve universal primary education
    
     
 
   

Primary completion ratea 
%  
 

  1991 

 2004

Promote gender equality

  


 

Ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary schoola %  
 

1991

2004

Reduce child mortality

         
     
   
 
Under-five mortality rate
per 1,000 live births   
 

1990

2004

Improve maternal health
         
         

Maternal mortality ratio
Modeled estimates per 100,000 live births  
 

Births attended by
skilled health staff
% of total  
  

2000

1989-94b

2000-04b
 
East Asia & Pacificd   19 w 12 w 97 w 99 w 89 w 98 w 59 w 37 w 117 w .. w 86 w
Cambodia 6.9 .. 45 .. 82 73 85 115 141 450 .. 32
China 4.7 17 8 103 99 87 98 49 31 56 .. 96
Hong Kong, China 5.3 .. .. 102 111 103 95 .. .. .. .. ..
Indonesia 8.4 .. 28 91 101 93 98 91 38 230 37 72
Korea, Dem. Rep. .. .. 24 .. .. .. .. 55 55 67 .. 97
Lao PDR 8.1 40 40 43 74 75 84 163 83 650 .. 19
Malaysia 4.4 22 11 90 95 101 105 22 12 41 .. 97
Mongolia 5.6 12 13 .. 95 109 108 108 52 110 .. 99
Myanmar .. 31 32 .. 72 96 99 130 106 360 .. 57
Papua New Guinea 4.5 .. .. 50 55 80 87 101 93 300 .. 41
Philippines 5.4 30 28 86 98 100 102 62 34 200 53 60
Thailand 6.3 19 .. .. .. 95 98 37 21 44 .. 99
Vietnam 7.5 45 28 .. 101 .. 94 53 23 130 .. 90
Europe & Central Asia   .. w .. w 92 w 94 w 97 w 96 w 49 w 34 w 58 w .. w 94 w
Albania 9.1 .. 14 .. 99 96 97 45 19 55 .. 98
Armenia 8.5 .. 3 90 107 .. 103 60 32 55 .. 97
Azerbaijan 12.2 .. 7 .. 96 100 97 105 90 94 .. 84
Belarus 8.5 .. .. 95 101 .. 100 17 11 35 .. 100
Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.5 .. 4 .. .. .. .. 22 15 31 97 100
Bulgaria 8.7 .. .. 90 97 99 97 19 15 32 .. 99
Croatia 8.3 1 .. 85 91 102 101 12 7 8 .. 100
Czech Republic 10.3 1 .. .. 102 98 101 13 4 9 .. 100
Estonia 6.7 .. .. 93 103 104 100 16 8 63 .. 100
Georgia 5.6 .. .. .. 86 98 99 47 45 32 .. ..
Hungary 9.5 .. .. 82 96 100 100 17 8 16 .. 100
Kazakhstan 7.4 .. .. .. 110 102 98 63 73 210 .. ..
Kyrgyz Republic 8.9 .. 7 .. 93 .. 101 80 68 110 .. 99
Latvia 6.6 .. .. .. 98 100 99 18 12 42 .. ..
Lithuania 6.8 .. .. 89 105 .. 98 13 8 13 .. 100
Macedonia, FYR 6.1 .. .. 98 97 99 99 38 14 23 .. 99
Moldova 7.8 .. .. .. 83 105 102 40 28 36 .. ..
Poland 7.5 .. .. 96 100 101 97 18 8 13 .. 100
Romania 8.1 6 3 96 90 99 100 31 20 49 99 99
Russian Federation 6.1 4 6 93 .. 104 99 29 21 67 .. 99
Serbia and Montenegro ..  .. 2 71 96 103 101 28 15 11 .. 93
Slovak Republic 8.8 .. .. 96 101 .. 100 14 9 3 .. 99
Tajikistan 7.9 .. .. .. 92 .. 88 119 93 100 .. 71
Turkey 5.3 10 4 90 .. 81 85 82 32 70 76 83
Turkmenistan 6.1 .. 12 .. .. .. .. 97 103 31 .. 97
Ukraine 9.2 .. 1 92 91 .. 99 26 18 35 .. 100
Uzbekistan 9.2 .. 8 .. 98 94 98 79 69 24 .. 96
Latin America & Carib.   .. w .. w 86 w 97 w .. w 102 w 54 w 31 w 194 w 77 w 87 w
Argentina 3.2e 2 .. .. 102 .. 103 29 18 82 96 99
Bolivia 1.5 15 8 71 100 .. 98 125 69 420 47 67
Brazil 2.6 7 .. 93 111 .. 103 60 34 260 72 96
Chile 3.3 1 1 .. 97 100 99 21 8 31 100 100
Colombia 2.5 10 7 71 94 107 104 36 21 130 82 86
Costa Rica 3.9 2 .. 74 92 101 101 18 13 43 98 98
Cuba .. .. 4 96 93 106 98 13 7 33 100 100
Dominican Republic 3.9 10 5 61 91 .. 105 65 32 150 93 98
Ecuador 3.3 .. 12 91 101 .. 100 57 26 130 .. ..
El Salvador 2.7 11 10 41 84 102 98 60 28 150 51 92
Guatemala 2.9 .. 23 .. 70 .. 91 82 45 240 .. 41
Haiti 2.4 27 17 27 .. 95 .. 150 117 680 23 24
Honduras 3.4 18 17 65 79 108 .. 59 41 110 45 56
Jamaica 6.7 5 4 90 84 102 101 20 20 87 79 97
Mexico 4.3 17 .. 86 97 98 102 46 28 83 .. 95
Nicaragua 5.6 11 10 41 73 109 103 68 38 230 .. 67
Panama 2.5 6 .. 86 97 .. 101 34 24 160 86 93
Paraguay 2.2 4 5 65 89 99 98 41 24 170 67 77
Peru 3.2 11 7 .. 96 96 97 80 29 410 .. 59
Trinidad and Tobago 5.5 .. 6 100 94 101 101 33 20 160 .. 96
Uruguay 5.0e 4 .. 95 94 .. 105 25 17 27 .. ..
Venezuela, RB 4.7 5 4 81 89 105 103 27 19 96 .. 94
Middle East & N. Africa   .. w .. w 78 w 88 w 81 w 90 w 81 w 55 w 183 w 42 w 72 w
Algeria 7.0 9 10 79 94 83 99 69 40 140 77 96
Egypt, Arab Rep. 8.6 10 9 .. 93 81 94 104 36 84 41 69
Iran, Islamic Rep. 5.1 .. .. 91 95 85 100 72 38 76 .. 90
Iraq .. 12 16 59 74 78 78 50 .. 250 54 72
Jordan 6.7 6 4 101 97 101 101 40 27 41 87 100
Lebanon .. .. .. .. 94 .. 102 37 31 150 .. ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 41 20 97 .. ..
Morocco 6.5 10 10 46 67 70 88 89 43 220 31 63
Oman .. 24 .. 74 91 89 98 32 13 87 .. 95
Syrian Arab Republic .. 12 7 89 107 85 94 44 16 160 77 ..
Tunisia 6.0 .. 4 74 94 86 102 52 25 120 .. 90
West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. 98 .. 103 .. .. .. .. 97
Yemen, Rep. 7.4 39 46 .. 62 .. 63 142 111 570 16 27
South Asia   53 w .. w 73 w 82 w 71 w 87 w 129 w 92 w 564 w .. w 36 w
Afghanistan .. .. 39 25 .. 54 34 260 .. 1,900 .. 14
Bangladesh 9.0 68 48 49 73 .. 106 149 77 380 10 13
India 8.9 53 .. .. 84 70 88 123 85 540 34 43
Nepal 6.0 .. 48 51 71 59 85 145 76 740 7 15
Pakistan 9.3 40 38 .. .. .. 73 130 101 500 19 23
Sri Lanka 8.3 38 30 94 .. 102 102 32 14 92 94 96
Sub-Saharan Africa   .. w .. w 51 w 62 w 80 w 84 w 185 w 168 w 921 w 41 w 42 w
Angola ..  20 31 35 .. .. .. 260 260 1,700 .. 45
Benin 7.4 .. 23 21 49 49 71 185 152 850 .. 66
Botswana 2.2 .. 13 79 92 109 102 58 116 100 .. 94
Burkina Faso 6.9 33 38 21 29 62 76 210 192 1,000 42 38
Burundi 5.1 .. 45 46 33 82 82 190 190 1,000 .. 25
Cameroon 5.6 15 18 56 72 83 87 139 149 730 58 62
Central African Republic 2.0 .. 24 27 .. 60 .. 168 193 1,100 .. 44
Chad .. .. 37 18 29 41 58 203 200 1,100 .. 14
Congo, Dem. Rep. .. .. 31 46 .. .. .. 205 205 990 .. 61
Congo, Rep. .. .. .. 54 66 85 87 110 108 510 .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 5.2 24 17 43 43 65 68 157 194 690 45 68
Eritrea .. 41 40 19 44 .. 73 147 82 630 .. 28
Ethiopia 9.1 48 47 21 51 68 73 204 166 850 .. 6
Gabon .. .. 12 58 66 .. .. 92 91 420 .. 86
Gambia, The 4.8 .. 17 44 .. 64 85 154 122 540 44 55
Ghana 5.6 27 22 63 65 79 91 122 112 540 44 47
Guinea 6.4 27 33 17 48 46 72 240 155 740 31 56
Guinea-Bissau 5.2 .. 25 .. 27 .. 65 253 203 1,100 .. 35
Kenya 6.0 23 20 .. 89 94 94 97 120 1,000 45 42
Lesotho 1.5 21 18 58 71 124 104 104 112 550 50 60
Liberia .. .. 27 .. .. .. .. 235 235 760 .. 51
Madagascar 4.9 45 42 33 45 98 .. 168 123 550 57 51
Malawi 4.9 28 22 31 58 81 98 241 175 1,800 55 61
Mali 4.6 .. 33 11 44 59 74 250 219 1,200 .. 41
Mauritania 6.2 48 32 33 43 67 96 133 125 1,000 40 57
Mauritius .. .. .. 102 100 102 103 23 15 24 97 99
Mozambique 6.5 .. 24 26 29 72 82 235 152 1,000 .. 48
Namibia 1.4 26 24 78 81 108 105 86 63 300 68 76
Niger 2.6 43 40 17 25 57 71 320 259 1,600, 15 16
Nigeria 5.0 39 29 .. 76 79 84 230 197 800 31 35
Rwanda .. 29 24 47 37 96 100 173 203 1,400 26 31
Senegal 6.4 22 23 39 45 69 90 148 137 690 47 58
Sierra Leone  .. 29 27 .. .. 67 71 302 283 2,000 .. 42
Somalia .. .. 26 .. .. .. .. 225 225 1,100 .. 25
South Africa 3.5 .. .. 75 96 104 101 60 67 230 .. ..
Sudan .. 34 41 40 49 78 88 120 91 590 86 87
Swaziland 2.7 .. 10 62 61 98 96 110 156 370 56 74
Tanzania 7.3 29 .. 61 57 97 .. 161 126 1,500 44 46
Togo .. .. .. 35 66 59 73 152 140 570 .. 61
Uganda 5.9 23 23 .. 57 82 97 160 138 880 38 39
Zambia 6.1 25 23 .. 66 .. 93 180 182 750 51 43
Zimbabwe 4.6 16 .. 91 80 92 96 80 129 1,100 69 ..
High income   .. w .. w .. w .. w 100 w 101 w 11 w 7 w 14 w .. w .. w
Australia 5.9 .. .. .. 100 101 98 10 6 8 100 ..
Austria 8.6 .. .. .. .. 95 96 10 5 4 100 ..
Belgium 8.5 .. .. 79 .. 101 106 10 5 10 .. ..
Canada 7.2 .. .. .. .. 99 100 8 6 6 .. 98
Denmark 8.3 .. .. 98 103 101 103 9 5 5 .. ..
Finland 9.6 .. .. 97 102 109 106 7 4 6 100 100
France 7.2 .. .. 104 .. 102 100 9 5 17 99 ..
Germany 8.5 .. .. 100 97 99 99 9 5 8 .. ..
Greece 6.7 .. .. 99 .. 99 101 11 5 9 .. ..
Ireland 7.4 .. .. .. 101 104 103 9 6 5 .. 100
Israel 5.7 .. .. .. 101 105 99 12 6 17 .. ..
Italy 6.5 .. .. 104 103 100 99 9 5 5 .. ..
Japan 10.6 .. .. 101 .. 101 100 6 4 10 100 ..
Korea, Rep. 7.9 .. .. 98 105 99 100 9 6 20 98 ..
Kuwait .. .. .. 57 91 97 104 16 12 5 .. ..
Netherlands 7.6 .. .. .. 100 97 98 9 6 16 .. ..
New Zealand 6.4 .. .. 100 .. 100 107 11 7 7 95 ..
Norway 9.6 .. .. 100 103 102 101 9 4 16 .. ..
Portugal 5.8 .. .. 95 .. 103 102 14 5 5 98 100
Puerto Rico .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 .. ..
Saudi Arabia .. 15 .. 56 62 84 92 44 27 23 .. ..
Singapore 5.0 .. 3 .. .. 95 .. 8 3 30 .. ..
Slovenia 9.1 .. .. 95 102 .. 99 10 4 17 100 100
Spain 7.0 .. .. .. .. 104 102 9 5 4 .. ..
Sweden 9.1 .. .. 96 .. 102 111 7 4 2 .. ..
Switzerland 7.6 .. .. 53 96 97 96 9 5 7 .. ..
United Arab Emirates .. .. .. 95 75 104 102 14 8 54 .. ..
United Kingdom 6.1 .. .. .. .. 98 116 10 6 13 .. ..
United States 5.4 1 2 .. .. 100 100 11 8 17 99 ..
World   .. w .. w .. w .. w 86 w 93 w 95 w 79 w 410 w .. w 60 w
Low income   .. .. 66 74 74 86 147 122 682 .. 40
Middle income   .. 11 92 97 91 98 57 37 142 .. 87
Lower middle income   .. 11 93 98 89 98 61 40 153 .. 86
Upper middle income   .. .. 88 96 98 98 42 28 92 .. 95
Low & middle income   .. .. 81 86 84 92 103 86 450 .. 60
High income   .. .. .. .. 100 101 11 7 14 .. ..
          
Footnotes
 
a. Break in series between 1997 and 1998 due to change from International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1976 to ISCED97.
b. Data are for the most recent year available.
c. See table 2.8 for survey year and whether share is based on income or consumption expenditure.
d. Hong Kong, China, is classified as a high-income economy and is not included in t he East Asia and Pacific aggregate.
e. Urban data.
 

 
 About the data
 
This table and the following two present indicators for 7 of the 8 targets specified by the Millennium Development Goals. Each of the eight goals comprises one or more targets, and each target has associated with it several indicators for monitoring progress toward the target. Most of the targets are set as a value of a specific indicator to be attained by a certain date. In some cases the target value is set relative to a level in 990. In others it is set at an absolute level. Some of the targets for goals 7 and 8 have not yet been quantified
 
The indicators in this table relate to goals 1–5. Goal 1 has two targets between 1990 and 2015: to reduce by half the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day and to reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Estimates of poverty rates can be found in table 2.7. The indicator shown here, the share of the poorest quintile in national consumption, is a distributional measure. Countries with more unequal distributions of consumption (or income) will have a higher rate of poverty for a given average income. No single indicator captures the concept of suffering from hunger. Child malnutrition is a symptom of inadequate food supply, lack of essential nutrients, illnesses that deplete these nutrients, and undernourished mothers who give birth to underweight children.
 
Progress toward achieving universal primary education is measured by primary school completion rates. Before World Development Indicators 2003, progress was measured by net enrollment ratios. But official enrollments sometimes differ significantly from actual attendance, and even school systems with high average enrollment ratios may have poor completion rates. Estimates of primary school completion rates were calculated by World Bank staff using data provided by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute of Statistics and national sources.
 
Eliminating gender disparities in education would help to increase the status and capabilities of women. The ratio of girls’ to boys’ enrollments in primary and secondary school provides an imperfect measure of the relative accessibility of schooling for girls. With a target date of 2005, this is the first of the goals to fall due.
 
The targets for reducing under-five and maternal mortality are among the most challenging. Although estimates of under-five mortality rates are available at regular intervals for most countries, maternal mortality is difficult to measure, in part because it is relatively rare.
 
Most of the 48 indicators relating to the Millennium Development Goals can be found in World Development Indicators. Table 1.2a shows where to find the indicators for the first five goals. For more information about data collection methods and limitations, see About the data for the tables listed there. For information about the indicators for goals 6, 7, and 8, see About the data for tables 1.3 and 1.4.
 
1.2a
Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals –5
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Table
 1.     Proportion of population below $1 a day 2.7  
 2.     Poverty gap ratio 2.7  
 3.     Share of poorest quintile in national consumption 1.2, 2.8  
 4.     Prevalence of underweight in children under age five 1.2, 2.17  
 5.     Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption 2.17  
 Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education  
 6.     Net enrollment ratio 2.11  
 7.     Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 2.12  
 8.     Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds 2.13  
 Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women  
 9.     Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education 1.2*  
 10.   Ratio of literate females to males among 15- to 24-year-olds 2.13*  
 11.   Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector 1.5, 2.2*  
 12.   Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament 1.5  
 Goal 4. Reduce child mortality  
 13.   Under-five mortality rate 1.2, 2.19  
 14.   Infant mortality rate 2.19  
 15.   Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles 2.15  
 Goal 4. Improve maternal health  
 16.   Maternal mortality ratio 1.2, 2.16  
 17.   Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 1.2, 2.16  
      
* Table shows information on related indicators.
   

 
 Definitions
   
• Share of poorest quintile in national consumption or income is the share of consumption or, in some cases, income that accrues to the poorest 20 percent of the population. • Prevalence of child malnutrition is the percentage of children under age five whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months. The reference population, adopted by the World Health Organization in 1983, is based on children from the United States, who are assumed to be well nourished. • Primary completion rate is the percentage of students completing the last year of primary school. It is calculated as the total number of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official graduation age. • Ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school is the ratio of female to male gross enrollment rate in primary and secondary school. • Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. • Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live births. The data shown here have been collected in various years and adjusted to a common 2000 base year. The values are modeled estimates (see About the data for table 2.16). • Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.
   

 
 Data sources
The indicators here and throughout this book have been compiled by World Bank staff from primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to harmonize these data series with those published on the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Web site (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals), but some differences in timing, sources, and definitions remain.