 |
 |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Official
exchange rate |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
local currency
units to $ |
|
2004 |
|
2005 |
|
|
|
|
Purchasing
power parity
(PPP)
conversion
factor |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
local currency units
to international $ |
|
1990 |
|
2004 |
|
|
|
|
Ratio of PPP
conversion
factor to
official
exchange
rate |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
2004 |
|
|
|
Real
effective
exchange
rate |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
Index
2000=100 |
|
2004 |
|
|
|
GDP implicit
deflator |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
average annual
% growth |
|
1990–2000 |
|
2000–
2004 |
|
|
|
|
Consumer price
index |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
average annual
% growth |
|
1990–2000 |
|
2000–
2004 |
|
|
|
|
Wholesale price
index |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
average annual
% growth |
|
1990–2000 |
|
2000–04 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Afghanistan |
|
47.85 |
|
541.20 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
8.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Albania |
|
102.78 |
|
94.58a |
|
2.0 |
|
49.5 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
23.9 |
|
4.2 |
|
17.3 |
|
3.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Algeria |
|
72.06 |
|
73.28 |
|
5.0 |
|
29.0 |
|
0.4 |
|
85.9 |
|
14.1 |
|
6.0 |
|
11.6 |
|
2.8 |
|
0.5 |
|
0.4 |
| Angola |
|
83.54 |
|
85.64a |
|
0.0 |
|
52.1 |
|
0.6 |
|
.. |
|
459.4 |
|
94.1 |
|
446.2 |
|
97.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Argentina |
|
2.92 |
|
2.90 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
5.2 |
|
13.3 |
|
7.1 |
|
12.0 |
|
7.0 |
|
26.9 |
| Armenia |
|
533.45 |
|
457.69 |
|
0.0 |
|
147.1 |
|
0.3 |
|
80.7 |
|
102.5 |
|
3.0 |
|
31.4 |
|
2.4 |
|
3.1 |
|
1.0 |
| Australia |
|
1.36 |
|
1.31 |
|
1.4 |
|
1.4 |
|
1.0 |
|
121.9 |
|
2.0 |
|
3.1 |
|
2.4 |
|
3.1 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.6 |
| Austriab |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.1 |
|
105.6 |
|
1.5 |
|
1.6 |
|
2.0 |
|
1.9 |
|
0.7 |
|
1.6 |
| Azerbaijan |
|
4,913.48 |
|
4,727.10 |
|
.. |
|
1,211.5 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
100.6 |
|
4.5 |
|
76.8 |
|
3.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Bangladesh |
|
59.51 |
|
64.33 |
|
9.5 |
|
12.7 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
3.7 |
|
4.2 |
|
4.9 |
|
3.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Belarus |
|
2,160.26 |
|
2,153.82 |
|
0.0 |
|
728.2 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
224.9 |
|
41.6 |
|
163.7 |
|
36.3 |
|
168.6 |
|
41.7 |
| Belgiumb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.1 |
|
106.5 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.9 |
|
1.9 |
|
1.9 |
|
1.6 |
|
0.9 |
| Benin |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
159.8 |
|
277.2 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
6.7 |
|
3.2 |
|
6.0 |
|
2.2 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Bolivia |
|
7.94 |
|
8.07 |
|
1.3 |
|
2.9 |
|
0.4 |
|
80.1 |
|
7.0 |
|
4.8 |
|
6.6 |
|
2.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
|
1.58 |
|
1.57 |
|
.. |
|
0.5 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
3.3 |
|
3.6 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Botswana |
|
4.69 |
|
5.11 |
|
1.2 |
|
2.5 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
8.4 |
|
6.2 |
|
9.4 |
|
7.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Brazil |
|
2.93 |
|
2.43 |
|
0.0 |
|
1.2 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
102.7 |
|
10.6 |
|
98.3 |
|
9.6 |
|
105.4 |
|
18.3 |
| Bulgaria |
|
1.58 |
|
1.57 |
|
0.0 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.4 |
|
121.6 |
|
67.5 |
|
4.0 |
|
75.1 |
|
5.1 |
|
60.7 |
|
3.8 |
| Burkina Faso |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
135.5 |
|
169.1 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
4.5 |
|
3.0 |
|
4.3 |
|
2.2 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Burundi |
|
1,100.91 |
|
1,106.17a |
|
49.4 |
|
145.9 |
|
0.1 |
|
63.2 |
|
11.7 |
|
6.6 |
|
13.9 |
|
5.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Cambodia |
|
4,016.25 |
|
4,092.50 |
|
.. |
|
576.9 |
|
0.1 |
|
.. |
|
2.9 |
|
2.1 |
|
4.0 |
|
2.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Cameroon |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
171.0 |
|
221.6 |
|
0.4 |
|
112.7 |
|
4.1 |
|
2.3 |
|
5.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Canada |
|
1.30 |
|
1.21 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.0 |
|
111.1 |
|
1.7 |
|
2.1 |
|
1.9 |
|
2.4 |
|
2.2 |
|
0.5 |
| Central African Republic |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
135.9 |
|
158.3 |
|
0.3 |
|
111.7 |
|
3.7 |
|
2.2 |
|
4.1 |
|
2.3 |
|
6.0 |
|
5.3 |
| Chad |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
107.3 |
|
113.3 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
6.5 |
|
5.3 |
|
5.6 |
|
2.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Chile |
|
609.37 |
|
560.09 |
|
148.7 |
|
312.9 |
|
0.5 |
|
83.0 |
|
7.0 |
|
5.0 |
|
6.7 |
|
2.5 |
|
6.7 |
|
6.1 |
| China |
|
8.28 |
|
8.19 |
|
1.3c |
|
1.9c |
|
0.2c |
|
95.0 |
|
5.5 |
|
2.7 |
|
5.5 |
|
1.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Hong Kong, China |
|
7.79 |
|
7.78 |
|
6.4 |
|
6.0 |
|
0.8 |
|
.. |
|
1.1 |
|
–3.9 |
|
3.0 |
|
–2.1 |
|
0.0 |
|
–0.8 |
| Colombia |
|
2,628.61 |
|
2,320.75 |
|
117.9 |
|
793.5 |
|
0.3 |
|
88.4 |
|
16.9 |
|
7.1 |
|
16.1 |
|
6.8 |
|
13.9 |
|
7.2 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. |
|
401.04 |
|
441.74a |
|
0.0 |
|
66.6 |
|
0.2 |
|
32.0 |
|
523.0 |
|
55.8 |
|
496.4 |
|
53.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Congo, Rep. |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
385.8 |
|
606.3 |
|
1.1 |
|
.. |
|
7.5 |
|
–2.8 |
|
6.7 |
|
1.6 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Costa Rica |
|
437.91 |
|
477.79 |
|
32.8 |
|
202.3 |
|
0.5 |
|
91.0 |
|
14.4 |
|
9.2 |
|
13.7 |
|
10.3 |
|
12.6 |
|
10.5 |
| Côte d’Ivoire |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
167.1 |
|
320.7 |
|
0.6 |
|
117.6 |
|
6.7 |
|
2.9 |
|
5.6 |
|
3.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Croatia |
|
6.04 |
|
5.95 |
|
0.0 |
|
3.8 |
|
0.6 |
|
104.7 |
|
46.4 |
|
3.3 |
|
19.7 |
|
2.3 |
|
44.3 |
|
1.4 |
| Cuba |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Czech Republic |
|
25.70 |
|
23.96 |
|
7.4 |
|
13.9 |
|
0.5 |
|
115.8 |
|
9.1 |
|
3.2 |
|
5.6 |
|
2.1 |
|
5.8 |
|
1.4 |
| Denmark |
|
5.99 |
|
6.00 |
|
8.3 |
|
8.4 |
|
1.4 |
|
109.5 |
|
2.0 |
|
1.9 |
|
2.2 |
|
2.1 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.9 |
| Dominican Republic |
|
42.12 |
|
30.41 |
|
2.5 |
|
12.1 |
|
0.3 |
|
79.3 |
|
10.2 |
|
20.6 |
|
9.8 |
|
20.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Ecuador |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
0.4 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.6 |
|
146.4 |
|
4.0 |
|
11.9 |
|
36.0 |
|
13.6 |
|
38.5 |
|
5.9 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. |
|
6.20 |
|
5.78 |
|
0.8 |
|
1.6 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
6.7 |
|
4.9 |
|
6.8 |
|
4.8 |
|
5.6 |
|
9.7 |
| El Salvador |
|
8.75 |
|
8.75 |
|
2.4 |
|
4.0 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
4.9 |
|
2.7 |
|
6.2 |
|
2.8 |
|
.. |
|
1.8 |
| Eritrea |
|
13.79 |
|
13.79a |
|
1.0 |
|
2.7 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
10.8 |
|
15.8 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Estonia |
|
12.60 |
|
12.58 |
|
0.1 |
|
7.3 |
|
0.6 |
|
.. |
|
31.5 |
|
3.7 |
|
13.3 |
|
3.2 |
|
4.9 |
|
1.6 |
| Ethiopia |
|
8.64 |
|
8.64a |
|
0.7 |
|
1.2 |
|
0.1 |
|
.. |
|
5.1 |
|
1.9 |
|
4.0 |
|
4.4 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Finlandb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.2 |
|
106.1 |
|
2.0 |
|
1.1 |
|
1.6 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.0 |
|
–0.1 |
| Franceb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
1.0 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.1 |
|
107.8 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.6 |
|
2.0 |
|
.. |
|
0.9 |
| Gabon |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
339.4 |
|
413.9 |
|
0.8 |
|
108.2 |
|
4.9 |
|
1.2 |
|
3.3 |
|
1.2 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Gambia, The |
|
30.03 |
|
29.81a |
|
1.8 |
|
4.3 |
|
0.1 |
|
51.1 |
|
6.9 |
|
18.9 |
|
4.8 |
|
10.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Georgia |
|
1.92 |
|
1.81 |
|
0.0 |
|
0.7 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
156.4 |
|
5.8 |
|
13.9 |
|
5.2 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Germanyb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
1.0 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.2 |
|
108.1 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.7 |
|
1.5 |
|
0.8 |
|
1.3 |
| Ghana |
|
9,004.63 |
|
9,072.54 |
|
95.6 |
|
1,592.3 |
|
0.2 |
|
100.4 |
|
26.0 |
|
25.0 |
|
26.3 |
|
21.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Greeceb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.7 |
|
0.8 |
|
111.3 |
|
7.1 |
|
3.6 |
|
6.8 |
|
3.4 |
|
3.4 |
|
2.8 |
| Guatemala |
|
7.95 |
|
7.63 |
|
1.4 |
|
4.1 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
9.1 |
|
7.2 |
|
8.8 |
|
7.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Guinea |
|
2,225.03 |
|
2,550.00a |
|
223.9 |
|
493.6 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
5.8 |
|
8.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Guinea-Bissau |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
11.0 |
|
133.9 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
20.5 |
|
0.0 |
|
22.1 |
|
0.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Haiti |
|
38.35 |
|
40.45 |
|
1.1 |
|
9.7 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
19.0 |
|
15.1 |
|
19.7 |
|
21.6 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Honduras |
|
18.21 |
|
18.83 |
|
1.3 |
|
6.7 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
15.4 |
|
7.3 |
|
15.7 |
|
8.2 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Hungary |
|
202.75 |
|
199.58 |
|
20.9 |
|
120.6 |
|
0.6 |
|
131.4 |
|
15.4 |
|
7.4 |
|
15.9 |
|
6.2 |
|
12.7 |
|
1.9 |
| India |
|
45.32 |
|
44.10 |
|
4.8 |
|
9.2 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
6.6 |
|
3.9 |
|
7.5 |
|
3.9 |
|
6.3 |
|
4.7 |
| Indonesia |
|
8,938.85 |
|
9,704.74 |
|
639.3 |
|
2,953.7 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
16.1 |
|
7.9 |
|
13.5 |
|
9.1 |
|
15.2 |
|
5.9 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. |
|
8,613.99 |
|
8,963.96 |
|
179.5 |
|
2,775.3 |
|
0.3 |
|
122.1 |
|
24.3 |
|
18.9 |
|
22.0 |
|
14.4 |
|
22.1 |
|
9.3 |
| Iraq |
|
0.31 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Irelandb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.8 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.1 |
|
118.5 |
|
3.8 |
|
3.6 |
|
2.8 |
|
3.9 |
|
1.4 |
|
–0.9 |
| Israel |
|
4.48 |
|
4.49 |
|
1.5 |
|
3.2 |
|
0.7 |
|
77.2 |
|
7.5 |
|
1.7 |
|
7.1 |
|
2.0 |
|
6.4 |
|
3.5 |
| Italyb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.7 |
|
0.8 |
|
1.0 |
|
111.0 |
|
3.3 |
|
2.9 |
|
3.2 |
|
2.5 |
|
2.5 |
|
1.3 |
| Jamaica |
|
61.20 |
|
62.28 |
|
4.9 |
|
46.8 |
|
0.8 |
|
.. |
|
18.1 |
|
10.6 |
|
17.3 |
|
9.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Japan |
|
108.19 |
|
110.22 |
|
186.2 |
|
132.5 |
|
1.2 |
|
81.6 |
|
–0.5 |
|
–1.5 |
|
0.3 |
|
–0.5 |
|
–1.0 |
|
–1.1 |
| Jordan |
|
0.71 |
|
0.71 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
2.5 |
|
2.0 |
|
2.8 |
|
2.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Kazakhstan |
|
136.04 |
|
132.88 |
|
0.0 |
|
49.4 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
104.4 |
|
9.2 |
|
33.6 |
|
6.7 |
|
12.6 |
|
6.1 |
| Kenya |
|
79.17 |
|
75.55 |
|
9.0 |
|
35.8 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
12.2 |
|
4.0 |
|
12.0 |
|
6.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Korea, Dem. Rep. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Korea, Rep. |
|
1,145.32 |
|
1,024.12 |
|
543.9 |
|
793.8 |
|
0.7 |
|
.. |
|
4.5 |
|
2.9 |
|
4.4 |
|
3.4 |
|
2.9 |
|
1.7 |
| Kuwait |
|
0.30 |
|
0.29 |
|
0.4 |
|
0.3 |
|
1.0 |
|
.. |
|
3.0 |
|
4.8 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.1 |
|
1.2 |
|
2.0 |
| Kyrgyz Republic |
|
42.65 |
|
41.01 |
|
0.0 |
|
9.6 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
63.7 |
|
4.2 |
|
14.7 |
|
3.7 |
|
25.0 |
|
6.9 |
| Lao PDR |
|
10,585.54 |
|
10,655.17 |
|
174.2 |
|
2,296.5 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
27.9 |
|
11.1 |
|
29.0 |
|
11.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Latvia |
|
0.54 |
|
0.56 |
|
0.0 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
27.9 |
|
3.9 |
|
17.0 |
|
3.2 |
|
6.9 |
|
3.3 |
| Lebanon |
|
1,507.50 |
|
1,507.50 |
|
305.4 |
|
1,354.5 |
|
0.9 |
|
.. |
|
11.1 |
|
2.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Lesotho |
|
6.46 |
|
6.36 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.9 |
|
0.3 |
|
88.7 |
|
9.0 |
|
6.3 |
|
8.7 |
|
11.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Liberia |
|
54.91 |
|
57.10 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
49.7 |
|
12.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Libya |
|
1.31 |
|
1.31 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
16.3 |
|
1.9 |
|
–5.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Lithuania |
|
2.78 |
|
2.77 |
|
0.0 |
|
1.4 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
40.1 |
|
0.4 |
|
16.7 |
|
0.2 |
|
12.9 |
|
–0.5 |
| Macedonia, FYR |
|
49.41 |
|
49.28 |
|
0.0 |
|
19.6 |
|
0.4 |
|
98.5 |
|
42.9 |
|
2.4 |
|
6.3 |
|
2.0 |
|
5.5 |
|
0.5 |
| Madagascar |
|
1,868.86 |
|
2,003.03 |
|
102.7 |
|
553.1 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
15.3 |
|
9.6 |
|
15.1 |
|
8.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Malawi |
|
108.90 |
|
108.94a |
|
1.4 |
|
27.9 |
|
0.3 |
|
74.6 |
|
29.9 |
|
15.0 |
|
29.7 |
|
14.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Malaysia |
|
3.80 |
|
3.79 |
|
1.5 |
|
1.8 |
|
0.5 |
|
91.9 |
|
3.4 |
|
2.8 |
|
3.0 |
|
1.4 |
|
2.9 |
|
3.8 |
| Mali |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
140.7 |
|
209.0 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
5.7 |
|
4.7 |
|
4.0 |
|
1.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Mauritania |
|
265.23a |
|
.. |
|
36.0 |
|
55.2 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
6.9 |
|
7.0 |
|
5.6 |
|
5.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Mauritius |
|
27.50 |
|
29.50 |
|
6.5 |
|
11.3 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
5.8 |
|
5.3 |
|
6.3 |
|
5.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Mexico |
|
11.29 |
|
10.90 |
|
1.4 |
|
7.5 |
|
0.7 |
|
.. |
|
15.8 |
|
7.0 |
|
15.7 |
|
5.1 |
|
15.0 |
|
6.6 |
| Moldova |
|
12.33 |
|
12.60 |
|
0.0 |
|
4.4 |
|
0.4 |
|
97.6 |
|
70.0 |
|
11.4 |
|
17.0 |
|
9.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Mongolia |
|
1,185.28 |
|
1,211.77a |
|
2.3 |
|
352.7 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
34.6 |
|
10.8 |
|
26.3 |
|
4.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Morocco |
|
8.87 |
|
8.87 |
|
3.2 |
|
3.5 |
|
0.4 |
|
92.9 |
|
2.1 |
|
0.8 |
|
2.9 |
|
1.5 |
|
2.2 |
|
–0.6 |
| Mozambique |
|
22,581.34 |
|
23,060.98 |
|
316.9 |
|
5,312.1 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
23.7 |
|
13.5 |
|
23.4 |
|
13.4 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Myanmar |
|
5.75 |
|
5.76 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
24.6 |
|
.. |
|
25.7 |
|
31.8 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Namibia |
|
6.46 |
|
6.36 |
|
1.0 |
|
2.7 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
9.8 |
|
6.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Nepal |
|
73.67 |
|
71.37 |
|
6.8 |
|
13.2 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
6.6 |
|
3.8 |
|
7.0 |
|
3.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Netherlandsb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.1 |
|
111.9 |
|
2.4 |
|
3.1 |
|
2.6 |
|
2.7 |
|
1.6 |
|
2.0 |
| New Zealand |
|
1.51 |
|
1.42 |
|
1.6 |
|
1.6 |
|
1.1 |
|
128.5 |
|
1.9 |
|
2.4 |
|
1.9 |
|
2.3 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.3 |
| Nicaragua |
|
15.94 |
|
16.73 |
|
0.0 |
|
3.7 |
|
0.2 |
|
82.6 |
|
26.5 |
|
6.5 |
|
20.4 |
|
5.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Niger |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
121.2 |
|
160.7 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
4.9 |
|
1.9 |
|
4.6 |
|
1.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Nigeria |
|
132.89 |
|
132.36a |
|
3.7 |
|
61.6 |
|
0.5 |
|
107.2 |
|
23.2 |
|
15.3 |
|
24.5 |
|
14.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Norway |
|
6.74 |
|
6.44 |
|
8.2 |
|
9.6 |
|
1.4 |
|
106.0 |
|
3.2 |
|
1.4 |
|
2.2 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.6 |
| Oman |
|
0.39 |
|
0.38 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.2 |
|
0.6 |
|
.. |
|
1.2 |
|
1.8 |
|
0.1 |
|
–0.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Pakistan |
|
58.26 |
|
59.51 |
|
6.2 |
|
16.5 |
|
0.3 |
|
91.3 |
|
10.2 |
|
5.1 |
|
7.7 |
|
4.0 |
|
8.4 |
|
5.4 |
| Panama |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.6 |
|
.. |
|
2.6 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.1 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.8 |
|
–0.2 |
| Papua New Guinea |
|
3.22 |
|
3.14a |
|
0.5 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.3 |
|
99.2 |
|
7.5 |
|
7.4 |
|
10.3 |
|
10.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Paraguay |
|
5,974.58 |
|
6,177.96 |
|
400.1 |
|
1,513.4 |
|
0.3 |
|
73.6 |
|
11.3 |
|
12.4 |
|
11.5 |
|
9.7 |
|
12.2 |
|
15.9 |
| Peru |
|
3.41 |
|
3.30 |
|
0.1 |
|
1.5 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
16.3 |
|
2.3 |
|
16.6 |
|
1.9 |
|
14.6 |
|
1.5 |
| Philippines |
|
56.04 |
|
55.09 |
|
5.6 |
|
12.8 |
|
0.2 |
|
79.6 |
|
7.5 |
|
4.5 |
|
6.7 |
|
4.5 |
|
7.9 |
|
8.1 |
| Poland |
|
3.66 |
|
3.24 |
|
0.2 |
|
1.8 |
|
0.5 |
|
99.8 |
|
16.6 |
|
2.0 |
|
17.5 |
|
2.6 |
|
13.6 |
|
2.9 |
| Portugalb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.4 |
|
0.7 |
|
0.8 |
|
109.9 |
|
4.6 |
|
3.5 |
|
3.9 |
|
3.4 |
|
.. |
|
1.5 |
| Puerto Rico |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
0.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
3.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Romania |
|
32,636.57 |
|
29,136.53 |
|
6.6 |
|
13,095.7 |
|
0.4 |
|
109.9 |
|
71.8 |
|
23.3 |
|
72.3 |
|
20.4 |
|
69.5 |
|
24.0 |
| Russian Federation |
|
28.81 |
|
28.28 |
|
0.0 |
|
11.9 |
|
0.4 |
|
136.5 |
|
94.7 |
|
15.8 |
|
59.4 |
|
15.3 |
|
37.9 |
|
–13.3 |
| Rwanda |
|
574.62 |
|
555.94 |
|
31.9 |
|
95.0 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
10.3 |
|
5.0 |
|
11.7 |
|
5.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Saudi Arabia |
|
3.75 |
|
3.75 |
|
2.8 |
|
2.9 |
|
0.8 |
|
82.3 |
|
2.2 |
|
4.0 |
|
0.5 |
|
0.1 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.8 |
| Senegal |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
185.1 |
|
222.0 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
4.0 |
|
1.9 |
|
3.9 |
|
1.4 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Serbia and Montenegro |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
51.3 |
|
29.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Sierra Leone |
|
2,701.30 |
|
2,889.59 |
|
29.5 |
|
653.4 |
|
0.2 |
|
74.4 |
|
25.8 |
|
13.1 |
|
20.9 |
|
4.4 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Singapore |
|
1.69 |
|
1.66 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.5 |
|
0.9 |
|
92.8 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.5 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.0 |
|
0.8 |
| Slovak Republic |
|
32.26 |
|
31.02 |
|
5.9 |
|
16.9 |
|
0.5 |
|
97.4 |
|
8.9 |
|
4.3 |
|
8.1 |
|
6.5 |
|
7.8 |
|
5.1 |
| Slovenia |
|
192.38 |
|
192.71 |
|
16.0 |
|
149.2 |
|
0.8 |
|
.. |
|
19.2 |
|
6.4 |
|
9.7 |
|
6.3 |
|
7.5 |
|
4.9 |
| Somalia |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| South Africa |
|
6.46 |
|
6.36 |
|
1.0 |
|
2.7 |
|
0.4 |
|
107.8 |
|
9.0 |
|
7.1 |
|
7.7 |
|
5.9 |
|
7.3 |
|
6.4 |
| Spainb |
|
0.81 |
|
0.80 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.8 |
|
0.9 |
|
111.6 |
|
3.8 |
|
4.2 |
|
3.4 |
|
3.2 |
|
2.2 |
|
1.7 |
| Sri Lanka |
|
101.19 |
|
100.50 |
|
10.2 |
|
25.0 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
8.9 |
|
8.5 |
|
9.5 |
|
9.1 |
|
7.6 |
|
8.9 |
| Sudan |
|
257.91 |
|
243.61 |
|
0.7 |
|
78.4 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
43.8 |
|
8.3 |
|
46.1 |
|
8.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Swaziland |
|
6.46 |
|
6.36 |
|
0.8 |
|
2.8 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
11.9 |
|
10.5 |
|
9.2 |
|
8.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Sweden |
|
7.35 |
|
7.47 |
|
9.1 |
|
9.6 |
|
1.3 |
|
100.7 |
|
1.9 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.7 |
|
1.8 |
|
2.2 |
|
1.0 |
| Switzerland |
|
1.24 |
|
1.25 |
|
2.0 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.5 |
|
105.4 |
|
0.9 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.7 |
|
–0.3 |
|
0.2 |
| Syrian Arab Republic |
|
11.23 |
|
11.23 |
|
10.2 |
|
16.5 |
|
1.5 |
|
.. |
|
6.6 |
|
3.2 |
|
4.9 |
|
.. |
|
3.2 |
|
.. |
| Tajikistan |
|
2.97 |
|
3.12 |
|
0.0 |
|
0.8 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
136.2 |
|
23.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Tanzania |
|
1,089.34 |
|
1,128.93 |
|
75.7 |
|
488.8 |
|
0.4 |
|
.. |
|
16.5 |
|
5.9 |
|
14.9 |
|
2.4 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Thailand |
|
40.22 |
|
40.22 |
|
10.8 |
|
12.9 |
|
0.3 |
|
.. |
|
3.2 |
|
1.8 |
|
3.9 |
|
1.6 |
|
3.6 |
|
3.5 |
| Togo |
|
528.29 |
|
527.47 |
|
93.8 |
|
127.5 |
|
0.2 |
|
112.8 |
|
5.0 |
|
0.7 |
|
6.1 |
|
1.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Trinidad and Tobago |
|
6.30 |
|
6.28 |
|
3.1 |
|
5.0 |
|
0.8 |
|
101.5 |
|
5.2 |
|
3.6 |
|
5.1 |
|
4.2 |
|
2.3 |
|
1.3 |
| Tunisia |
|
1.25 |
|
1.30 |
|
0.4 |
|
0.5 |
|
0.4 |
|
90.3 |
|
3.8 |
|
2.4 |
|
3.8 |
|
2.7 |
|
3.1 |
|
2.6 |
| Turkey |
|
1.43d |
|
1.34d |
|
1,560.9 |
|
778,515.9 |
|
0.5 |
|
.. |
|
65.0 |
|
31.9 |
|
68.4 |
|
32.6 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Turkmenistan |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
0.0 |
|
1,931.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
329.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Uganda |
|
1,810.31 |
|
1,780.67 |
|
109.1 |
|
327.9 |
|
0.2 |
|
82.7 |
|
8.3 |
|
3.8 |
|
7.4 |
|
3.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Ukraine |
|
5.32 |
|
5.12 |
|
0.0 |
|
1.1 |
|
0.2 |
|
81.7 |
|
133.5 |
|
8.9 |
|
73.3 |
|
5.9 |
|
75.5 |
|
8.9 |
| United Arab Emirates |
|
3.67 |
|
3.67 |
|
3.4 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
2.7 |
|
2.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| United Kingdom |
|
0.55 |
|
0.55 |
|
0.5 |
|
0.6 |
|
1.2 |
|
100.8 |
|
2.7 |
|
2.8 |
|
2.7 |
|
2.3 |
|
1.7 |
|
0.9 |
| United States |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
92.6 |
|
1.9 |
|
2.1 |
|
2.6 |
|
2.3 |
|
1.4 |
|
2.3 |
| Uruguay |
|
28.70 |
|
24.48 |
|
0.6 |
|
11.8 |
|
0.4 |
|
59.6 |
|
22.4 |
|
13.4 |
|
23.9 |
|
12.6 |
|
22.1 |
|
24.8 |
| Uzbekistan |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
0.0 |
|
251.3 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
144.3 |
|
33.1 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Venezuela, RB |
|
1,891.33 |
|
2,089.75 |
|
24.4 |
|
1,323.1 |
|
0.7 |
|
66.2 |
|
38.3 |
|
27.8 |
|
39.3 |
|
22.7 |
|
37.6 |
|
35.2 |
| Vietnam |
|
15,509.58 |
|
15,776.00a |
|
641.1 |
|
3,209.5 |
|
0.2 |
|
.. |
|
10.9 |
|
5.1 |
|
3.0 |
|
3.5 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| West Bank and Gaza |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
8.9 |
|
10.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Yemen, Rep. |
|
184.78 |
|
185.58a |
|
20.3 |
|
135.1 |
|
0.7 |
|
.. |
|
18.1 |
|
8.0 |
|
20.8 |
|
11.7 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Zambia |
|
4,778.88 |
|
4,463.50 |
|
18.6 |
|
2,653.0 |
|
0.6 |
|
109.5 |
|
39.4 |
|
20.9 |
|
42.4 |
|
21.0 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
| Zimbabwe |
|
5,068.66 |
|
22,363.64 |
|
0.9 |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
.. |
|
53.7 |
|
207.2 |
|
36.1 |
|
.. |
|
25.9 |
|
.. |
|
|
|
| |
Note: Inconsistencies in the growth rates of the GDP deflator and the consumer and wholesale price indexes are due mainly to uneven coverage of the time period.
a. Latest quarterly or monthly data available.
b. As members of the European Monetary Union, these countries share a single currency, the euro.
c. Based on a 1986 bilateral comparison of China and the United States (Rouen and Kai 1995), employing a different methodology than that used for other countries. This interim methodology will be revised in the next rfew years.
d. New liras per dollar. |
| |
|
| |
| About the
data |
| |
| In a market-based economy the choices that households, producers, and governments make about the allocation of resources are influenced by relative prices, including the real exchange rate, real wages, real interest rates, and a host of other prices in the economy. Relative prices also reflect, to a large extent, the choices of these agents. Thus relative prices convey vital information about the interaction of economic agents in an economy and with the rest of the world. |
| |
| The exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. Official exchange rates and exchange rate arrangements are established by governments. (Other exchange rates fully recognized by governments include market rates, which are determined largely by legal market forces, and for countries maintaining multiple exchange arrangements, principal rates, secondary rates, and tertiary rates.) Also see Statistical methods for information on alternative conversion factors used in the World Bank Atlas method of calculating gross national income (GNI) per capita in U.S. dollars. |
| |
| The official or market exchange rate is often used to compare prices in different currencies. Since exchange rates reflect at best the relative prices of tradable goods, the volume of goods and services that a U.S. dollar buys in the United States may not correspond to what a U.S. dollar converted to another country’s currency at the official exchange rate would buy in that country. Since identical volumes of goods and services in different countries correspond to different values (and vice versa) when offcial exchange rates are used, an alternative method of comparing prices across countries has been developed. In this method national currency estimates of GNI are converted to a common unit of account by using conversion factors that reflect equivalent purchasing power. Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors are based on price and expenditure surveys conducted by the International Comparison Program and rep-resent the conversion factors applied to equalize price levels across countries. See About the data for table 1.1 for further discussion of the PPP conversion factor. |
| |
| The ratio of the PPP conversion factor to the official exchange rate (also referred to as the national price level) makes it possible to compare the cost of the bundle of goods that make up gross domestic product (GDP) across countries. These national price levels vary systematically, rising with GNI per capita. |
| |
| Real effective exchange rates represent a nominal effective exchange rate index adjusted for relative movements in national price or cost indicators of the home country, selected countries, and the euro area. A nominal effective exchange rate index represents the ratio (expressed on the base 2000 = 100) of an index of a currency’s period-average exchange rate to a weighted geometric average of exchange rates for currencies of selected countries and the euro area. For most high-income countries, weights are derived from trade in manufactured goods among industrial countries. The data are compiled from the nominal effective exchange rate index and a cost indicator of relative normalized unit labor costs in manufacturing. For selected other countries the nominal effective exchange rate index is based on each country’s trade in both manufactured goods and primary products with its partner or competitor countries. For these countries the real effective exchange rate index is derived from the nominal index adjusted for relative changes in consumer prices. An increase in the real effective exchange rate represents an appreciation of the local currency. Because of conceptual and data limitations, changes in real effective exchange rates should be interpreted with caution. |
| |
| Controlling inflation is one of the primary goals of monetary policy and is intimately linked to the growth in money supply. Inflation is measured by the rate of increase in a price index, but actual price change can be negative. Which index is used depends on which set of prices in the economy is being examined. The GDP deflator reflects changes in prices for total gross domestic product. The most general measure of the overall price level, it takes into account changes in government consumption, capital formation (including inventory appreciation), international trade, and the main component, household final consumption expenditure. The GDP deflator is usually derived implicitly as the ratio of current to constant price GDP, resulting in a Paasche index. It is defective as a general measure of inflation for use in policy because of the long lags in deriving estimates and because it is often only an annual measure. |
| |
| Consumer price indexes are produced more frequently and so are more current. They are also constructed explicitly, based on surveys of the cost of a defined basket of consumer goods and services. Nevertheless, consumer price indexes should be interpreted with caution. The definition of a household, the basket of goods chosen, and the geographic (urban or rural) and income group coverage of consumer price surveys can all vary widely across countries. In addition, the weights are derived from household expenditure surveys, which, for budgetary reasons, tend to be conducted infrequently in developing countries, leading to poor comparability over time. Although useful for measuring consumer price inflation within a country, consumer price indexes are of less value in making comparisons across countries. Food price indexes, like consumer price indexes, should be interpreted with caution because of the high variability across countries in the items covered. |
| |
| Wholesale price indexes are based on the prices of commodities that have some significance in the output or consumption of the country at the first commercial transaction. The prices are farm gate prices for agricultural commodities and ex-factory prices for industrial goods. Preference should be given to indexes that provide the broadest coverage of the economy. |
| |
| The least-squares method is used to calculate the growth rates of the GDP implicit deflator, consumer price index, and wholesale price index. |
| |
|
|
|
|
| Definitions |
| |
| • Official exchange rate is the exchange rate determined by national authorities or the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).
• Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor is the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the United States.
• Ratio of PPP conversion factor to official exchange rate is the result obtained by dividing the PPP conversion factor by the official exchange rate.
• Real effective exchange rate is the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs.
• GDP implicit deflator measures the average annual rate of price change in the economy as a whole for the periods shown.
• Consumer price index reflects changes in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or may change at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.
• Wholesale price index refers to a mix of agricultural and industrial goods at various stages of production and distribution, including import duties. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. |
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|
|
|
|
| Data
sources |
| Data on official and real effective exchange rates and consumer and wholesale price indexes are from the International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics. PPP conversion factors and GDP deflators are from the World Bank’s data files. |
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