 |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
 |
Develop
further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable, and nondiscriminatory. |
|
Address the special
needs of the
least developed
countries. |
|
|
|
|
Address the special
needs of landlocked
and small island
developing states. |
|
Deal comprehensively with developing
countries’ debt problems to make
debt sustainable in the long term. |
|
Develop decent and productive work for youth. |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Provide access to
affordable essential
drugs in developing
countries. |
|
Make available the
benefits of new technologies—especially
information and communications
technologies. |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
 |
| The eighth and final goal complements the others. In partnership, wealthy countries work with developing countries to create an environment in which rapid, sustainable development is possible. Important steps toward global partnership were taken at international meetings in 2001 in Doha, which launched a new “development round” of trade negotiations, and in 2002 at the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, where high-income and developing countries reached consensus on mutual responsibilities for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The consensus calls for developing countries to improve governance and policies aimed at increasing economic growth and reducing poverty and for high-income countries to provide more and better aid and greater access to their markets.
|
| |
|
Goal 8 also reminds us that the development challenges differ for large countries and small countries. And that developing countries need access to new technologies to increase productivity and improve people’s lives.
|
| |
| |
| Many sources and many patterns |
| Selected net flows, 2004 ($ billions) |
| |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
South Asia |
| |
|
|
 |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
Aid plays an important role in
development, especially in low-income
countries. The extremely poor
countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and
Asia still need substantial increases
in aid to reach their development
goals. Countries in all regions borrow
from multilateral institutions, such
as the World Bank, but some are
repaying more than they borrow. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
East Asia & Pacific |
|
Latin America & Caribbean |
| |
|
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
In addition to aid, developing
countries meet part of their financing
needs through private capital
flows. Rapidly growing economies
need and attract large flows of
direct and portfolio investment,
which have been particularly
important in East Asia and Pacific. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Europe & Central Asia |
|
Middle East & North Africa |
| |
|
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Export demand can be an
important source of growth,
and trade surpluses can also
provide substantial foreign
exchange earnings. Remittances
from people living and working
abroad are a growing source
of income for households in
some developing economies. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: World Bank staff estimates. |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
| Official development assistance is rising, but still too little |
Left axis (bars): official development assistance (2003 $ billions);
right axis (line): net disbursements as a share of 2003 donors’ GNI (%) |
| |
|
|
|
Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee. |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
Official development assistance (ODA)
is the aid provided by the richest countries
to the poorest. Through much of
the 1990s ODA levels fell while ODA
as a proportion of donors’ GNI fell
even faster. Many donors pledged
to provide at least 0.7 percent of
GNI, but the average remains below 0.26 percent. Since 2002 donors
have pledged to increase aid by $20
billion a year in 2006 and to provide
more than $ 100 billion a year by 2010.
But large increases in aid have, so far,
gone to only a few countries such as
Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Democratic
Republic of Congo. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tariffs remain high on poor countries’ exports |
|
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries
on developing country imports (%) |
| |
|
|
|
Note: Based on UN definitions of developed and developing countries,
which may differ slightly from those of the World Bank.
Source: International Trade Centre, World Trade Organization, and
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Creating opportunities for developing
countries to sell their products
in wealthier markets is an important
complement to aid. Many high-income
countries allow selected exports of
poor countries to enter duty-free. The recent dropping of quotas on textiles
has created new opportunities for efficient producers. But high-income countries’
tariffs on goods important to developing
countries, such as textiles and
agricultural products, remain high. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt service is falling, but more relief is needed |
|
Ratio of external debt service to exports of goods and
services including workers’ remittances (%) |
|
 |
|
Source: World Bank staff estimates. |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Low-income countries paid $26 billion
in debt service on public debt in
2004. Middle-income countries paid $173 billion. |
|
Developing country export earnings,
needed to acquire the currencies to
pay their creditors, have been
rising while debt service has grown
more slowly, reducing debt burdens
for many countries. But for
extremely poor countries debt
service represents a crucial loss of
potential development resources.
Since 1998 the Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries Initiative has provided
$57 billion in debt relief. |
|
|
|
|
|
New technologies are spreading quickly |
|
Information and communications technology users in low- and
middle-income economies (per 1,000 people) |
|
 |
|
Source: World Bank
staff estimates and data from the
International Telecommunication Union. |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
New technologies bring new opportunities
to developing countries. Mobile
phones help to eliminate the bottlenecks
of fixed, mainline phone service. Personal
computers are more widely available, and
the Internet is expanding rapidly. These
are examples of integrating technologies, which reduce barriers of time, space, and
culture. Developing countries also need
access to new medicines to reduce the
terrible burden of disease. Bringing these
and other life-saving technologies to poor
people will require willing cooperation between
the public and private sectors. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
','Sub-Saharan Africa','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-SSA_b.gif",450,269);)
','South Asia','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-SAR_b.gif",450,269);)
','East Asia & Pacific','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-EAP_b.gif",450,269);)
','Latin America & Caribbean','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-LAC_b.gif",450,269);)
','Europe & Central Asia','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-ECA_b.gif",450,269);)
','Middle East & North Africa','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-MENA_b.gif",450,269);)
: official development assistance (2003 $ billions);<br>
right axis (line): net disbursements as a share of 2003 donors’ GNI (%)','','Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee.',"goal8-fig2_b.gif",450,364);)
','','Note: Based on UN definitions of developed and developing countries,
which may differ slightly from those of the World Bank.<br>
Source: International Trade Centre, World Trade Organization, and
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.',"goal8-fig3_b.gif",450,387);)
','','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig4_b.gif",450,387);)
','','Source: World Bank staff estimates and data from the International Telecommunication Union.',"goal8-fig5_b.gif",450,380);)
: official development assistance (2003 $ billions);<br>
right axis (line): net disbursements as a share of 2003 donors’ GNI (%)','','Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee.',"goal8-fig2_b.gif",450,364);)
','','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig4_b.gif",450,387);)
','Middle East & North Africa','Source: World Bank staff estimates.',"goal8-fig1-MENA_b.gif",450,263);){kind=link}